Amniocentesis : a procedure by which a small amount of amniotic fluid (the fluid bathing the foetus in the uterus) can be removed, using a needle and a syringe. This procedure is done under local anaesthesia. Chromosomal abnormalities can be detected or the foetal condition assessed by testing the amniotic fluid.
Biopsy : removal of the tisue for diagonostic purpose. The tissue can be further processed to check pathological changes.
Colposcopy : a procedure to examine the cervix through a special magnifying instrument called the colposcope.

Cone biopsy : an operation to remove the cone-shaped tissue from the lower part of the cervix for diagnostic purposes.
Cutery of cervix : superficial burning of the lower end of the cervix. This is done by use of heat (electrocautery) or by freezing (cryosurgery)
Culdoncentesis : the procedure in which a needle attached to a syringe is inserted through the upper vagina into the abdominal cavity to aspirate the fluid. Blood drawn into the syringe is indicative of ectopic pregnancy.

D&C (dilation and curettage):  minor surgery to widen the cervical opening (dilation) and superficially scraping the tissue (curettage)
Endometrial aspiration : a procedure for removing the cells lining the uterus for diagnostic purposes.
Hysterectomy : surgical removal of the uterus including the cervix.
Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) : an X-ray of the uterus and the tubes showing their internal appearance that helps in detecting blockages.
Hysteroscopy : a procedure to examine the inside of the uterus.

Laparoscopy : an operation performed through a small cut at the navel.
Laparotomy : an operation performed through a small cut in the abdomen.
Mammogram : X-ray of the breast; it helps to diagnose breast cancer.
Mastectomy : a surgery for removal of breast.
Myomectomy : surgery of the uterus to remove benign growth of fibroids.
Oophorectomy : a surgical procedure to remove one or both ovaries.
PAP smear : a scraping of the cervix is taken and the cells are observed after appropriate staining. The technique is named after Dr.Papanicolaou who first described it. Abnormal cells seen in PAP smear help in clinical diagnosis of various infections and of cancer.

Salpingectomy : surgical removal of the fallopian tubes.
Sonography : a non-invasive technique using sound waves to visualise the internal organs.
Tubal Ligation (or sterilisation) : surgery, resulting in blocking of tubes by trying them with thread or suturing them, or by using clips.